lab1 (measurements, ,metric system) lab2 (scientific notation, scale model) lab3: (Log scale) lab4 (indirect measurement)
PART 1: INTRODUCTION: POWERS OF TEN .
How big and how small things can be in the universe.
1) Read and watch the movies
VERY BIG DISTANCES
watch movie about powers of ten. Why do we need the powers of ten in Physics?
each step = multiply by 10 the length . each square side is ten times larger then the previous one
1mx 1m is a square formed by 2 meter sticks or 1 picnic cloth.
1 step = x10 = 10m across 5th avenue or any large avenue. (about)
2 steps = 100x 100 area of San Marco plazza, VEnice, Italy. (100 m about South-North block in new york city)
3steps = the size of Venice center = 1000mx 1000m (1kmx1km) see below
(1 km = distance across central park East to West + 1 block)
4 steps= area the Laguna (see picture above) = 10 kmx10km (10,000m) or length of Manhattan island
5 steps 100km = distance NYC - Newburgh, NY (about)
6 steps Italy, Germany, Baltic = 1000kmx1000 (1000 000m) (or about distance New York-Chicago)
7 steps square with earth inside = 10,000kmx10,000km
The diameter of the earth at the equator is 12,756.32 kilometers ( 7,926.41 miles )
8 steps square to cover moon orbit around Earth = 500,000 km x500,000km
The average center-to-center distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384, 403 km
11 steps = earth-Sun distance distance is about 150 million km = 150 billion meters
(or 1 AU, the AU is an astronomical unit = distance Earth-Sun)
It would take us 17 years to reach the sun with our regular plane speed. Not that you want to go there. you would not need a round ticket.
12 steps Earth - Pluto = 1000, 000,000 km = 1 billion km Distance Pluto from Earth: about 6 billion km
The entire solar system comes to view in a square 1 billionkm x 1 billion km
16 steps =1016m = 1 light year = distance traveled in 1 year by light (or 1013km)
4.3 light years away = first star centauri proxima (or alpha centauri)
The closest star to the sun is Proxima Centauri, 39,900,000,000,000 km
A journey to the star would last 100,000 years (at our space ship speed)
21 steps = Radius of our milky way = 200,000 or 300, 000 light years;
26 steps = 15 billion light years = LIMIT OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE
A full-sky map produced by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) showing cosmic background radiation, a very uniform glow of microwaves emitted by the infant universe more than 13 billion years ago. Colour differences indicate tiny fluctuations in the intensity of the radiation, a result of tiny variations in the density of matter in the early universe. According to inflation theory, these irregularities were the "seeds" that became the galaxies. WMAP's data support the big bang and inflation models.
reference: encyclopedia britannica
VERY SMALL DISTANCES
refer to this applet
1 step = 0.1m = 10cm (decimeter) 1 leaf of oak
2 steps = 0.01m = 1 cm (centimeter) 1 dice side
3 steps = 0.001m = 1 mm (millimeter) an ant is about 3mm long check the size of a micro ships
5 steps = 0.000001m = 0.01 mm = 10 micrometer A plant cell is about 12.76 millionths of a meter - a very thin hair is 25 micron
6 steps = 1 micrometer = 1 millionth of a meter a red cell is 8 micron
FROM HERE THE REGULAR MICROSCOPE CAN' t SEE. because it is using visible light with wavelenth of about 1 micrometer.
you can use electron microscope. Using electrons to illuminate the object. Then x-rays for smaller objects.
8 steps = 0.01 micrometers = 10 nanometers = 10 billionth of a meter DNA strands
9 steps = 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter (10 -9) molecule size
10 steps = 0.1 nanometer = 10-10 m the size of an atom (in average) is about 2.5 10-10 m. we count from the nucleus to the outer shell of electrons
14 steps = 10-14 meters nucleus of the carbon atom
Note that there is a factor of 10,000 / 10,000 orders of magnitude.
(could be 100,000 depending on the size of the electrons cloud) between the radius and the electrons cloud.
So if the nucleus was the size of a marble (1cm) , the electrons would orbit 10,000cm away or 100m a way or 1 block away.
The atom is a lot of empty space.
15 steps = 10-15 meters proton
16 steps = 10-16 meters quark
inside the proton 3: quarks
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comment this image; (source: Britannica)
PART2 : getting familiar with distances and masses (metric system)
1) In the following problems select the answers that are most nearly correct. Use the following hints.
1km=across central park from East to West + 1 block
100m = about 1 block south to North in the city
1 meter = about 1 yard = about 1 meter stick = from left shoulder to the tip of right hand
10cm = 1 hand
1 cm = one hundredth of a meter ( there are 100cm in a meter stick) = 1 finger thick
1 mm = one tenth of a centimeter (there are 10 mm in 1 cm) 1 electric wire thick
(you can use a meter stick / cm ruler to help you)
A) The height of a professional basketball player is
i) 200mm ii)200m iii) 200cm
B) The diameter of an aspirin tablet is :
i) 1cm ii) 1mm iii) 1m
C) The dimension of the living room in an ordinary home is
i) 4 by 5m ii) 4 by 5 cm iii)4 by 5 mm
D) The length of the 100 yd dash is about
i) 100cm ii) 100mm iii) 100m
E) The length of an ordinary pencil is
i) 20mm ii)19cm iii)19m
G) Visualize an ordinary 3-ring notebook. About how tall is it ?
i) 5cm ii) 10cm iii) 30cm iii)50cm
H) 1 km is what part of a meter ?
i) 10 ii)100 iii) 1000
I) a centimeter is what part of a meter ?
i) 1/10 ii)1/100 iii) 1/1000
J) circumference of the Earth
i) 40,000 cm ii)40,000 m iii)40,000 km iv)40,000 light years
(hint: 4 light years is the distance between the Earth and the closest star)
2) match the object with their size in meters:
atomic radius 10-4 meters = 0.0001m
circumference of EArth 10-7 meters = 0.0000001 m
distance of observable universe about 5 meters (in 100 order)
diameter of human hair 107 (E7) meters = 10,000,000 m
diameter of a virus 1027 (E27) meters
length of a whale 10-12 (E-12) meters = 0.000000000001m
3) 1 g is the mass of 1 US dollar bill or 1mL of water, 10g is for 2 nickels, 100g is for 20 nickels, 1kg is about the mass of
a small laptop (or 1 liter of water), 2 kg is about the mass of 2 liter soda bottle , 50kg mass of a 9th grader, 1 ton is about the mass of a small car (2 doors).
A) mass of a fat Physics book:
i) 3 g ii) 3 kg ii)3 tons
B) the mass of a cute hamster
i) 100g ii)100kg iii) 1 g iv) 1 ton
C) the mass of a large elephant
i) 10kg ii) 2 tons iii) 100kg iv) 100g
D) The mass of your Physics teacher
i) 80g ii) 80tons iii) 10kg, iv) 80kg
E) the mass of one nickel
i) 100g ii) 5g iii) 50g iv) 5 tons
F) the mass of a truck
i) 5 tons ii) 5kg iii) 500kg iv) 5 g
G) mass of an apple
i) 1 kg ii) 1 ton ii) 20 g iii) 2 g
4) TAKE HOME QUIZ
open this website
(to do after lab2)
This family used the same scale to represent the relative size of the planets and the Sun and the relative
distances between the Sun and the planet. They built a model of the solar system.
As you go over the website, answer these questions.
They chose a ______________ as model for the sun. This object is _________inches across.
Using this scale, Pluto is at about over ___________ yards from the Sun or a little more than _________ a mile.
At this scale, Mercury is about the size of a ________ ____________. or three-quarters of a _______________.
Using a ruler draw one millimeter here :
For Earth and Venus, they used ______________ from the kitchen. the size is about _____ millimeters.
For Mars they used a ___________________. about ________ millimeters across.
For Jupiter they used a _________, _____ mm across or about ____ inch DRAW THE DISTANCE in mm here :
For Saturn they used a _________, _________ mm across.
Uranus and Neptune are about the same __________. They used ______ _________, the size is ________ mm.
From the Sun to Mercury, it is about 12-pace walk. From the Sun to Venus, it is ________-pace walk. (altogether)
From the Sun to EArth it is _______ paces. FRom the Sun to Mars, it is about ________ paces or ___________ about yards.
FRom the Sun to Jupiter they are ________ paces or ____________ yards ! Can you see the soccer-ball Sun from Jupiter ? ________
from Jupiter to Saturn is another ____________ paces or _________ paces from the Sun .
Another __________ paces to walk from Saturn to Uranus or ___________ paces from the Sun.
The closest star to ours is Alpha Centauri. How far would we have to walk at our scale to reach it? _____________________________
How far to the center of the Milky Way galaxy? ___________________________________--
And to our sister galaxy, Andromeda? ____________________________________________
5) Circle the letter of the SI unit best suited for measuring the length of a room in your home ?
kilometers, meters, centimeters, millimeters ?
PART 3: Scientific notation
1) Read please:
Measurements that are very large or very small values are usually expressed in scientific notation.
Scientific notation consists of a number equal to or greater than 1 and less than 10 followed by a multiplication sign and the base ten raised to some integral power.
example: 3x 104 (or 3E4 on your calculator TI 83 / 84) r or 30,000 in standard notation)
3 x 10- 4 (or 3 E-4 on your TI calculator or 0.0003 in standard form)
SO a number written is scientific notation will have a number smaller than 10 (greater than 1) followed by a power of 10.
23 x 103 is not a scientific notation because __________________
The mean radius of the Earth is 6,370,000 m in standard notation but 6.3 106m in scientific notation.
From the decimal point you jump 6 times to reach a number smaller than 10 backward so the exponent is 6 and it is positive.
Remember: big number, larger than 1 = positive exponent
(If you use the TI type: 6.3E6 (6.3 2nd comma 6) )
The universal gravitation constant is G = 0.000 000 000 066 7 Nm2/kg2 =
6.67 10 - 11 Nm2/kg2. (If you use TI calculator, type 6.67 E-11 for the negativ sign use the down key (-) )
From the decimal point, jump 11 times. The exponent is 11 and negative. (because the number is smaller than 1).
(If you use TI calculator, type 6.67 E-11 for the negativ sign use the down key (-) )
Here some other examples:
watch this video: chose the segment: example 2 = scientific notation, vast distance
USE FIREFOX
on discovery streaming movie about scientific notation (ask me for the login and password)
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=96D7582F-2FAA-4D63-8003-9269F1DD8AA2
(note for me = video = scientific notation )
watch this movie: example2 scientific notation, blood cell
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D8C054A4-BA37-4CCC-8F01-435E6ABA1B7C
(note for me = video=scientific notation2)
applet to play with scientific notation
NEW: HERE IS MY MOVIE TO show you how to "cheat "using your TI ! use it with moderation !
2)part1 (If you dont master scientific notation, go over 1) again)
Write in scientific notation: (examples: 45,000,000 = 4.5 107 and 0.0023 = 2.3 10-3 )
(you can use google)
A) 68,000,000 working women in the US _____________________
(hint: place the decimal point after the last digit and move back until you reach 6.8 The number is large so the exponent is positive)
B) 78,000,000 working men in the US ___________________
C) Using google find out the population of the U.S. now ________
and convert to scientific notation_________
____________
D) using google find the distance Sun - EArth:
standard notation _______________ scientific notation _____________
E) 0.000005 g is the mass of an amoeba ________
what is an amoeba ____________
F) 0.000000002 g is the mass of a one liver cell _____________
G) 0.00024 is the probability of four of a kind in poker ________________
H) 0.0035 in the number of onces in a gram _____________
I) 0.00000009 is the wavelength of an X.ray in centimeter _______
J) count the number of students in the center right now ____________
in scientific notation __________
K) population of France now ______________ in standard notation
and in scientific notation _________________
L) mass of an electron ___________ mass of the EArth _____________
2) part2 Write in standard notation: (example 4.53 104 = 45300 and 3.2 10-6 = 0.0000032 )
A)2.35 102 pounds of meat consumed per person per year in the United states.
B) 8 x 106 bagels eaten per day in the United States
C) 4x10-2 inches in 1mm ________________
D) 4 x 10-11 joules of energy released by splitting one uranium atom
E) 1.68 1010 estimated worth of the wealthiest men
F) 2.3x10-1 kilowatts per hour used by your TV
G) 10-9 s the time for the light to travel 1 foot.
H) 100 m the length of your arm (about) ________
I) 5 100 s for the sound to travel 1 mile
3) When you multiply numbers in scientific notation with like base, add the exponents.
When you divide, subtract the exponent.
Examples:
3 104 x2 103 = 6 107 ; 3 104 / 2 103 = 1.5 101 ; 3104 /2 10 -2 = 1.5 106 ;3 10-4 / 2 10-5 = 1.5 101
(you may want to write these examples in your index cards)
Try now on your TI:
3E4 x 2 E3 = ________ 3E4/2E3 = _______3E4/2E-2 = ______ 3E-4/ 2E-5 = _____
4) The average American eats 160 pounds of vegetables each year. Since there are 290 million Americans, the number of pounds of vegetable each year should be: (in scientific notation)
(hint: 290 million = 290, 000 , 000 . compute then write in scientific notation )
5) The average American drinks 54.2 gallons of soft drinks each year. Since there are about 290 million Americans, the number of soft drinks consumed each year should be ___________ in scientific notation __________________in standard notation
6) Nuclear fission is used as an energy source. The amount of energy released by a mole of uranium 235 (mass = 235g) is 4.7 109 kilocalories.
So the amount of energy a gram of uranium 235 releases is __________________ in scientific notation.
7) The velocity of light can be measured by dividing the distance from the sun to the earth (1.47 1011 meters) by the time it takes for sunlight to reach the earth
(4.9 102 seconds). Thus the velocity of light is ____________ in scientific notation
and _________ ______________in standard notation . 4.9 102 seconds is _______ minutes
8) Astronomers also measure distances in light years (the distance light travels in 1 year). 1 light year = 9.46 1012km. The closest star, Proxima Centauri, is, 4.22 light years away. In the scientific notation, rounded to 2 decimal places,
how many kilometers is that ?
9) Astronomical distances are so large that they are measured in astronomical units (A.U.) for short. An astronomical unit is defined as the average separation (distance) of the earth and the sun, that is, 150,000,000 kilometers (so 1 A.U. = 150,000,000km). WRite 1 A.U. in scientific notation. _____________
Using google find the distance Sun - Pluto in kilometers _________
. convert to A. U ______________ in scientific notation (keep 2 decimals)
10) Use 9). Distances in astronomy are also measured in parsecs. 1 parsec = 2.06 105 A.U. Thus
1 parsec = _________________ kilometers (use (9)
11) 1 parsec = 3.09 1013 km and 1 light year = 9.46 1012km, the number of light years in a parsec is ________________ in scientific notation.
12) here is an extract of an article (BBC) written about the LHC (Large Hadron CollideR)
Convert the highlighted part in scientific notation
fill and use scientific notation : the mass of an electron is ____________ the mass of a proton (read the text)
What is the ratio (mass proton/mass electron )=
13) an atom is about 2.5 10-10 meters across.
1 micro meter is 10-6 meters. so an atom is about __________ micro meters (noted μm )
a thin hair is about 25 μm (micro meters) which is _________ meters : convert into scientific notation.
A red blood cell is about 8 (noted μm ) . How many atoms could you fit inside ?
(hint divide by th size of an atom in micrometers)
So an atom is small but not that small. You can " see them " using electromagnetic waves like X-rays. (kind of light)
(we also see think thanks to an electromagnetic waves called visible light !) matter can be probed
and illuminated thanks to X-rays that have a very small wavelengths.
14) One 1 GHz (giga hertz ) computer can make _____________ computations in 1 second.
(look for 1 giga in scientific notation)
so a computer produces 1 billion cycles in 1 second. or 1 cycle in __________ seconds. (in scientific notation).
16) if 2 numbers differ in size by exactly 3 orders of magnitude, this is a factor of : 103
If 2 numbers differ in size by exactly 6 orders of magnitude, this is a factor of : ________
18) it takes the light 1 billionth of a second to travel 1 foot. write that number in scientific notation.
1 computer cycle is also 1 billionth of a second long , during that time the computer
can do 1 computation and the information can travel 1 foot long. that's why computers
are 1 foot long. (source: Physics for future presidents, R. Muller)
19) the color red has a wavelength of 650 nanometer. 1 nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter.
write this number in scientific notation ________________
red light is part of the visible light. It is a wave. (an electromagnetic wave) that travels in space at the speed of light.
The speed of light is 300,000,000 m/s or _________ m/s in scientific notation.
To find the frequency ( number of shaking per second, or number of cycles per seconds)
of the red light simply divide the speed of the wave by its wavelength. so frequency = ________ cycles per second
(divide speed by wavelength, use scientific notation).
20) 1 light year = 9.4605284 × 1012 kilometers
It takes about 100,000 years for the light to travel from the center of the milky way (our galaxy) to us.
How much is that in km ? in scientific notation.
21) The speed of the light is 300,000 km/s
It takes about 8 minutes (480 seconds) for the light emitted by the Sun to reach us.
How far is the sun in km ? in scientific notation.
It takes the light 1.3 s to travel from the Moon to us. How far is the moon ? (km)
If the moon would to disappear instantly, how log int would take for us to find out.
22) A)a half million years after the " big bang " the universe started to cool off
and reaches a temperature of about the outside of the Sun. (5000 - 6000 F).
Convert the time in scientific notation
C) the universe is about 14 billion years old. In scientific notation =
D)The closest cluster of galaxies is Virgo, 60 million light years away.
How far is that in km and in scientific notation ? (see question 20)
D) the closest large galaxy from earth is Andromeda. 2.48 million light years away.
in scientific notation = __________________
E) The closest galaxies are The Magellanic Clouds. THey are irregular dwarf galaxies orbiting our Milky Way galaxy. .
The LMC is 179,000 light years away from the Milky Way. The SMC is further out, at 210,000 light years.
Convert into km.
23) 3.2 billion DNA base pairs = ____________ in scientific notation
PART 4 : International System (SI) and the Metric system
TRY WITHOUT HINTS
0) GO OVER:
1) Fill the blanks. (more challenging) The units in which physical quantities are measured are shown below:
A wide variety of other units, are combinations of the base units:
speed s is measured in m/s
Since the unit for speed is m/s it means : to find a speed
you divide the _________ in meters by the ________ in seconds. or V = d/t
The speed V is the distance covered (m) in 1 second.
So if V = 30m/s, it means you cover ______ m in 1 second or ______m in 1 hour.
acceleration a is measured in m/s2 or m/s/s
Since the unit for acceleration is m/s/s or (m/s)/s .
to find an acceleration your divide the change in speed _________ (m/s) by a change in _______ (s).
or a = _______ / ___
The acceleration a is the increase (or decrease) of speed in 1 second. So if a = 9.8m/s/s, it means the speed is increases by _____ m/s every second. And the speed is ________m/s after 2 seconds, and ________m/s after 3 seconds.
9.8 m/s/s is the acceleration due to gravity. It means that if you drop an object from the top of a building, let's say a stone,
it will speed up at a rate of 9.8m/s/s. (because of the attraction the Earth exert on objects).
It means every second, the speed of the stone will be increase by__________m/s
force (unit of pull) is measured in newtons (N) or kg . m/s2
Since the unit for a force is kg m/s2 or kg x (m/s2) it means: to find a force you multiply a
_______ (kg) by an ___________ (m/s2). Or F = _____ x _____ (use m for mass and a for acceleration)
So if a mass of 1 kg has an acceleration of 1 m/s/s (the speed increases by 1m/s every second)
it means that a force (pull) of ____ N is exerted on the mass. (use F = ma)
If a mass of 1kg has an acceleration of 10 m/s/s, the force is _____ N
Energy is measured in joules (J) or kg m2/s2 or kg (m/s2) m
don't worry about energy, we will study it in 10th grade.
Momentum is measured in kg m/s
momentum will be studied in 10th grade.
Area is measured in m2 and volume in m3
To find an area (m2 = m x m) you multiply a ____ (m) by the ________ (m)
To find a volume (m3 = m xm xm ) you multuply a ______ by the _____ by the _____.
watch : 1m = 100cm but 1m2 = 1m x 1m = 100cm x 100cm = _________cm2
also 1 m3 = 1m x 1m x 1m = 100cm x 100cm x100cm = ________cm3
density is measured in kg/m3or g/cm3
Since the unit is kg/m3 , to find the density you divide a ________(kg) by
a _______ (m3). Or density = ____ / _____. (use m for mass and V for volume)
So the density is the mass of an object per unit volume (1m3).
Pressure is measured in N / m2 (or newtons/ m2)
The unit tells you that to find the pressure you divide the ______ (N) by a ______ (m2).
or Pressure = ____/ _____ (use P for volume and A for area).
2)The weight of an object is measured in newtons so weight is a ___________.
It is the ________ acted at a distance by the EArth on this object.
the mass of the object is measured in __________
REmember that: to find the weight of an object on EArth, multiply its mass in kilograms by 9.8. So if m= 5 kg, weight = _______ N
If m = 100 kg, weight = ________N
if m = 0.01 kg, weight =
3) read: You need to be comfortable with the metric system and know how to convert km to m, kg to g etc... Always remember the table:
or (King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk)
182cm = _____m ; 43cm = ____m ; 22m = ____cm ; 4.5 m = __________450cm
3m = ________mm ; 0.35m = _____mm ; 2358mm = ____m ; 425 mm = ____ cm
30cm = ______ mm ; 2.4cm = _____ mm ; 67mm = ____ 6.7 cm ; 184 mm = ______ cm
5) 5kg = ____g ; 5.6 kg = _______g ; 1932 g = ______kg ; 342 g = ______kg
4 g = _____mg ; 0.23 g = _______mg ; 3294 mg = ____g ; 493 mg = ______g
342g = ____kg ; 0.03 g = _______mg
6) use wikipedia or google:
The mass of the EArth is about ____________ kg (scientific notation) = ___________tons (scientific notation, 1 ton =1,000 kg)
The mass of an electron is about ___________ kg (scientific notation) = ____________ tons (scientific notation)
Find the ratio : mass EArth / mass electron (divide both quantities) = ___________
7) Dr. James Strange of the University of South Florida wishes to explore Mount Ararat in Turkey, searching for Noah's ark. According to the book of Genesis., the dimensions of the ark are as follows: length, 300 cubits, breadth, 50 cubits , height , 30 cubits. If a cubit is 52.5 cm, give each dimension in meters.
hint: 1 cubit = 52.5 cm
8) Find how many second in 1 year. Use standard notation. (not scientific notation).
hint: 1 year = 365 days, 1 day = 24 hours, 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds.
1 year = ________________s
The star nearest Earth is ____________ (google or see above, part 1), at a distance of about 4 light year from EArth.
1 light year is the distance traveled in 1 year by the __________.
The speed of light is 292,792 km/s that is the light covers _____________ km in 1 second.
1 year = _______________ seconds so in 1 year, the light convers ___________________ km .
Because 1 mile = 1.6km, the light covers ___________________ miles in 1 year. (1 light year in miles)
Alpha Centauri is at a distance of 4 light years = ________________ miles from Earth (4 times the blank before)
We can measure this kind of distance with a meter stick. We need to measure astronomical distances using indirect measurements.
Any idea ? (research)
9) Certain blue whales have a mass over 200 tons = _________ kg (standard notation) = __________ kg (scientific notation)
10) here a number to remember 1 m3 of water has a mass of 1000kg or 1 ton (about 1 empty car).
1 m3 of water is 1000 L , so 1 L is _________ kg
11) MAtch (pascal is th unit for pressure )
12) In a NASA website, you can read:
Observations of the infrared light from stars, painstakingly collected over the past two decades with powerful telescopes on the ground, have gathered definitive
evidence for the presence of a 3-million-solar-mass black hole at the core of the galaxy. The black hole has been "weighed" by measuring the motions
of stars caught in the black hole’s gravitational pull. In one stunning observation a star whipped past the black hole so fast that it could have traveled the
distance between Earth and Pluto in less than a day
How much is, in kg, 3-million-solar mass ? (google the mass of the Sun). In Scientific notation
13) The Moon is at a distance of 384,000 km from the EArth. The Moon is a secondary source of light.
It is bright because it reflects the Sun's light. A) How long it takes for the light to reach us ?
(to cover 384,000 km ) ? (hint: speed of light = 3 108m/s) time = ________ seconds
So How long it took the astronauts to hear the message from EArth ?
B) The Sun is 390 times more distant than the Moon. Estimate the light travel time from the SUn.
(how long it takes the light from the Sun to reach us). time = _________- seconds = ________ minutes
(hint 390 times more longer)
14) 1 comet is about trillionth of the mass of the EArth or ____________ kg (look for the mass of EArth in kg)
convert to tons _________ tons
PART5: MORE CONVERSIONS -
2) Steve O'Neal of the New York Jets kicked a 98 yd punt on September 21, 1969. How many meters is that ? Keep one decimal.
(1 yd = 0.914 m )
3) In a miss world contest the winner had measurements of 90-60-90 (in centimeters). What is that in inches ?
(1 in = 2.54cm)
4) The speed limit on a highway is 55 mi/hr. How many kilometers per hour is that ? (1 mi = 1.6km)
5) Mount everest is 8848m high. How many yards is that ? (simple)
6) The largest swimming pool in Casablanca, Morocco, is 82 yd wide. How many meters is that ? ( 1 yd = 0.914 m)
7) A Boeing 747 requires about 1900m for a takeoff runway. About how many miles is that ? (1600m = 1 mi)
8) One of the longest recorded distances for throwing (an catching) a raw hen's egg without breaking it is 316ft 51 in.
About how many meters is that ? ( 1 ft = 12 in , 1 in = 2.54cm, 1cm = 0.01m)
9) You have probably heard the expression, "hang in there!"Well, Rudy Kishazy did just that. He hung onto a glider that took off Mount Blanc and landed 35 min later at Servox , France, a distance of 15mi. How many kilometers is that ?
10)Cuban José Castelar CAiro was officially recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records for the longest-ever hand-rolled Havana cigar: about 13.5 meters long. How many inches is that ? (1in = 2.54cm and 1 m = 100cm)
11) High schooler Ha Seung-jin of Korea is 7.15 ft tall. How many meters is that ? Keep 3 decimals. (1 ft = 12 in, 1 in = 2.54cm, 100cm = 1m)
12) In Europe temperatures are measured in Celsius. In United States , temperatures are measured in Fahrenheit.
C = 5(F - 32) / 9 and F = 9C/5 + 32
A) On July 10, 1913, the temperature in Death Valley was 134F. How many degrees Celsius is that ?
(hint: in the first formula, substitute F = 134 and solve for C)
B) The highest dry-air temperature endured by heavily clothed men in an Air Force experiment was 500F. How many degrees Celsius is that ?
C) In September 1933, the temperature in Coimbra, Portugal, rose to 70C. How many degrees Fahrenheit is that ?
(hint in the second formula set C = 70 solve for F)
D) The melting point of gold is 1000C. How many degrees Fahrenheit is that ?
13) Hurricane Gustave was 30 miles across . Convert in km.
New Orleans is 300 miles across. convert in km
Was there a chance Gustave hit New Or leans ?
14)
A)
Lightning heats nearby air to about 10,000 °C nearly instantly, which is almost twice the temperature of the Sun’s surface.
How much is it in Fahrenheit. ?
B) Most lightning bolts are about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) long. The longest recorded length was 190 kilometers, sighted near Dallas, Texas.
how much is that in miles?
15) 1 Angstrom is 10-10 meters. Convert to micrometers. (1 micrometer = 10-6m)
16) A large instrument used by astronauts weighs 2.50 pounds on Earth. What is the weight of the instrument on the moon ?
(hint: On the surface of the moon, the object would have only one sixth the weight it has on Earth).
17) there are about 4000 radioactive decays in your body per minute. (source: Physics for Future presidents, RIchard Muller)
This is because of radioactive carbon and potassium. How much is that in 1 second?
18) A new group of hominide was just found. The are called Ardipithecus ramidus
and are 4.4 million years old.
A) How much is that in scientific notation?
B) the best conserved skeleton belonged to a female (see below).
She was 1.20 m tall and 50kg heavy. convert to feet and pounds.
(you should know now that 1 m is about 3 feet or 1 yard and 1 kg is about 2pounds)
learn more Sciences daily
clik image
Probable life appearance in anterior view of Ardipithecus ramidus ("Ardi"), ARA-VP 6/500.
(Credit: Illustration copyright 2009, J.H. Matternes
19) The record length for a blue whale is a female killed in Antarctica that was 106 feet in length. How many meters is that ?
20) The record weight for a blue whale is about 200 tons. How many kilograms is that ?
(hint: 1 ton = 1000kg, 1 kg = 2.2lb)
21) 2008-04-30. A WOMAN set a record recently by delivering a baby weighing 6.1 kilograms at birth at a Shenzhen hospital (China).
How many pounds is that ?
22) A large package of chocolate from Switzerland (the best) contains 1.8 kilograms. (unit used in Europe).
What is the weight of chocolate in pounds (lb) ?
23) The EArth crust (actually lithosphere) is divided into tectonic plates.
2 plate can diverge from each other and you get a rift (a long crack in the Earth crust).
In the middle of the oceanic ocean there is an oceanic rift/ (iceland is a volcanic island formed on the rift)
magma rises and fill the rift and build up new oceanic crust. (new skin for the EArth).
Sometimes rifts are found in the middle of land. THis is the case of the Ethopian rift valley.
In 2005, a big crack formed very quickly in the desert of Ethiopia.
Scientists think it will be filled by an ocean later in the future.
The crack is 35 miles long. convert to km
the crack is 20 feet wide at spot. convert to cm
24) 100 trillion cells in our body. in scientific notation =
25)
Also here is a easy formula that connects the radius of the event horizon of a black hole to the mass of a black hole.
If the distance from black hole is less than R, nothing can escape, not even light.
R = 2 G M / c2 c is the speed of light , R the radius of the event, G is the gravitational constant = 6.67300 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
The Sun has a mass of about 2 1030 kg
For the Sun to be a black hole, it needs to be squeezed to what size ?
Is it about 10 miles radius ? 2 miles radius ? 1000 miles radius ? (2miles= distance across Manhattan about )
The radius of the Sun is 695 500 kilometers The scale down factor is _________.
How big and how small things can be in the universe.
1) Read and watch the movies
VERY BIG DISTANCES
watch movie about powers of ten. Why do we need the powers of ten in Physics?
each step = multiply by 10 the length . each square side is ten times larger then the previous one
1mx 1m is a square formed by 2 meter sticks or 1 picnic cloth.
1 step = x10 = 10m across 5th avenue or any large avenue. (about)
2 steps = 100x 100 area of San Marco plazza, VEnice, Italy. (100 m about South-North block in new york city)
3steps = the size of Venice center = 1000mx 1000m (1kmx1km) see below
(1 km = distance across central park East to West + 1 block)
4 steps= area the Laguna (see picture above) = 10 kmx10km (10,000m) or length of Manhattan island
5 steps 100km = distance NYC - Newburgh, NY (about)
6 steps Italy, Germany, Baltic = 1000kmx1000 (1000 000m) (or about distance New York-Chicago)
7 steps square with earth inside = 10,000kmx10,000km
The diameter of the earth at the equator is 12,756.32 kilometers ( 7,926.41 miles )
8 steps square to cover moon orbit around Earth = 500,000 km x500,000km
The average center-to-center distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384, 403 km
11 steps = earth-Sun distance distance is about 150 million km = 150 billion meters
(or 1 AU, the AU is an astronomical unit = distance Earth-Sun)
It would take us 17 years to reach the sun with our regular plane speed. Not that you want to go there. you would not need a round ticket.
12 steps Earth - Pluto = 1000, 000,000 km = 1 billion km Distance Pluto from Earth: about 6 billion km
The entire solar system comes to view in a square 1 billionkm x 1 billion km
16 steps =1016m = 1 light year = distance traveled in 1 year by light (or 1013km)
4.3 light years away = first star centauri proxima (or alpha centauri)
The closest star to the sun is Proxima Centauri, 39,900,000,000,000 km
A journey to the star would last 100,000 years (at our space ship speed)
21 steps = Radius of our milky way = 200,000 or 300, 000 light years;
26 steps = 15 billion light years = LIMIT OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE
A full-sky map produced by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) showing cosmic background radiation, a very uniform glow of microwaves emitted by the infant universe more than 13 billion years ago. Colour differences indicate tiny fluctuations in the intensity of the radiation, a result of tiny variations in the density of matter in the early universe. According to inflation theory, these irregularities were the "seeds" that became the galaxies. WMAP's data support the big bang and inflation models.
reference: encyclopedia britannica
VERY SMALL DISTANCES
refer to this applet
1 step = 0.1m = 10cm (decimeter) 1 leaf of oak
2 steps = 0.01m = 1 cm (centimeter) 1 dice side
3 steps = 0.001m = 1 mm (millimeter) an ant is about 3mm long check the size of a micro ships
5 steps = 0.000001m = 0.01 mm = 10 micrometer A plant cell is about 12.76 millionths of a meter - a very thin hair is 25 micron
6 steps = 1 micrometer = 1 millionth of a meter a red cell is 8 micron
FROM HERE THE REGULAR MICROSCOPE CAN' t SEE. because it is using visible light with wavelenth of about 1 micrometer.
you can use electron microscope. Using electrons to illuminate the object. Then x-rays for smaller objects.
8 steps = 0.01 micrometers = 10 nanometers = 10 billionth of a meter DNA strands
9 steps = 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter (10 -9) molecule size
10 steps = 0.1 nanometer = 10-10 m the size of an atom (in average) is about 2.5 10-10 m. we count from the nucleus to the outer shell of electrons
14 steps = 10-14 meters nucleus of the carbon atom
Note that there is a factor of 10,000 / 10,000 orders of magnitude.
(could be 100,000 depending on the size of the electrons cloud) between the radius and the electrons cloud.
So if the nucleus was the size of a marble (1cm) , the electrons would orbit 10,000cm away or 100m a way or 1 block away.
The atom is a lot of empty space.
15 steps = 10-15 meters proton
16 steps = 10-16 meters quark
inside the proton 3: quarks----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
comment this image; (source: Britannica)
PART2 : getting familiar with distances and masses (metric system)
1) In the following problems select the answers that are most nearly correct. Use the following hints.
1km=across central park from East to West + 1 block
100m = about 1 block south to North in the city
1 meter = about 1 yard = about 1 meter stick = from left shoulder to the tip of right hand
10cm = 1 hand
1 cm = one hundredth of a meter ( there are 100cm in a meter stick) = 1 finger thick
1 mm = one tenth of a centimeter (there are 10 mm in 1 cm) 1 electric wire thick
(you can use a meter stick / cm ruler to help you)
A) The height of a professional basketball player is
i) 200mm ii)200m iii) 200cm
B) The diameter of an aspirin tablet is :
i) 1cm ii) 1mm iii) 1m
C) The dimension of the living room in an ordinary home is
i) 4 by 5m ii) 4 by 5 cm iii)4 by 5 mm
D) The length of the 100 yd dash is about
i) 100cm ii) 100mm iii) 100m
E) The length of an ordinary pencil is
i) 20mm ii)19cm iii)19m
G) Visualize an ordinary 3-ring notebook. About how tall is it ?
i) 5cm ii) 10cm iii) 30cm iii)50cm
H) 1 km is what part of a meter ?
i) 10 ii)100 iii) 1000
I) a centimeter is what part of a meter ?
i) 1/10 ii)1/100 iii) 1/1000
J) circumference of the Earth
i) 40,000 cm ii)40,000 m iii)40,000 km iv)40,000 light years
(hint: 4 light years is the distance between the Earth and the closest star)
2) match the object with their size in meters:
atomic radius 10-4 meters = 0.0001m
circumference of EArth 10-7 meters = 0.0000001 m
distance of observable universe about 5 meters (in 100 order)
diameter of human hair 107 (E7) meters = 10,000,000 m
diameter of a virus 1027 (E27) meters
length of a whale 10-12 (E-12) meters = 0.000000000001m
3) 1 g is the mass of 1 US dollar bill or 1mL of water, 10g is for 2 nickels, 100g is for 20 nickels, 1kg is about the mass of
a small laptop (or 1 liter of water), 2 kg is about the mass of 2 liter soda bottle , 50kg mass of a 9th grader, 1 ton is about the mass of a small car (2 doors).
A) mass of a fat Physics book:
i) 3 g ii) 3 kg ii)3 tons
B) the mass of a cute hamster
i) 100g ii)100kg iii) 1 g iv) 1 ton
C) the mass of a large elephant
i) 10kg ii) 2 tons iii) 100kg iv) 100g
D) The mass of your Physics teacher
i) 80g ii) 80tons iii) 10kg, iv) 80kg
E) the mass of one nickel
i) 100g ii) 5g iii) 50g iv) 5 tons
F) the mass of a truck
i) 5 tons ii) 5kg iii) 500kg iv) 5 g
G) mass of an apple
i) 1 kg ii) 1 ton ii) 20 g iii) 2 g
4) TAKE HOME QUIZ
open this website
(to do after lab2)
This family used the same scale to represent the relative size of the planets and the Sun and the relative
distances between the Sun and the planet. They built a model of the solar system.
As you go over the website, answer these questions.
They chose a ______________ as model for the sun. This object is _________inches across.
Using this scale, Pluto is at about over ___________ yards from the Sun or a little more than _________ a mile.
At this scale, Mercury is about the size of a ________ ____________. or three-quarters of a _______________.
Using a ruler draw one millimeter here :
For Earth and Venus, they used ______________ from the kitchen. the size is about _____ millimeters.
For Mars they used a ___________________. about ________ millimeters across.
For Jupiter they used a _________, _____ mm across or about ____ inch DRAW THE DISTANCE in mm here :
For Saturn they used a _________, _________ mm across.
Uranus and Neptune are about the same __________. They used ______ _________, the size is ________ mm.
From the Sun to Mercury, it is about 12-pace walk. From the Sun to Venus, it is ________-pace walk. (altogether)
From the Sun to EArth it is _______ paces. FRom the Sun to Mars, it is about ________ paces or ___________ about yards.
FRom the Sun to Jupiter they are ________ paces or ____________ yards ! Can you see the soccer-ball Sun from Jupiter ? ________
from Jupiter to Saturn is another ____________ paces or _________ paces from the Sun .
Another __________ paces to walk from Saturn to Uranus or ___________ paces from the Sun.
The closest star to ours is Alpha Centauri. How far would we have to walk at our scale to reach it? _____________________________
How far to the center of the Milky Way galaxy? ___________________________________--
And to our sister galaxy, Andromeda? ____________________________________________
5) Circle the letter of the SI unit best suited for measuring the length of a room in your home ?
kilometers, meters, centimeters, millimeters ?
PART 3: Scientific notation
1) Read please:
Measurements that are very large or very small values are usually expressed in scientific notation.
Scientific notation consists of a number equal to or greater than 1 and less than 10 followed by a multiplication sign and the base ten raised to some integral power.
example: 3x 104 (or 3E4 on your calculator TI 83 / 84) r or 30,000 in standard notation)
3 x 10- 4 (or 3 E-4 on your TI calculator or 0.0003 in standard form)
SO a number written is scientific notation will have a number smaller than 10 (greater than 1) followed by a power of 10.
23 x 103 is not a scientific notation because __________________
The mean radius of the Earth is 6,370,000 m in standard notation but 6.3 106m in scientific notation.
From the decimal point you jump 6 times to reach a number smaller than 10 backward so the exponent is 6 and it is positive.
Remember: big number, larger than 1 = positive exponent
(If you use the TI type: 6.3E6 (6.3 2nd comma 6) )
The universal gravitation constant is G = 0.000 000 000 066 7 Nm2/kg2 =
6.67 10 - 11 Nm2/kg2. (If you use TI calculator, type 6.67 E-11 for the negativ sign use the down key (-) )
From the decimal point, jump 11 times. The exponent is 11 and negative. (because the number is smaller than 1).
(If you use TI calculator, type 6.67 E-11 for the negativ sign use the down key (-) )
Here some other examples:
watch this video: chose the segment: example 2 = scientific notation, vast distance
USE FIREFOX
on discovery streaming movie about scientific notation (ask me for the login and password)
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=96D7582F-2FAA-4D63-8003-9269F1DD8AA2
(note for me = video = scientific notation )
watch this movie: example2 scientific notation, blood cell
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D8C054A4-BA37-4CCC-8F01-435E6ABA1B7C
(note for me = video=scientific notation2)
applet to play with scientific notation
NEW: HERE IS MY MOVIE TO show you how to "cheat "using your TI ! use it with moderation !
2)part1 (If you dont master scientific notation, go over 1) again)
Write in scientific notation: (examples: 45,000,000 = 4.5 107 and 0.0023 = 2.3 10-3 )
(you can use google)
A) 68,000,000 working women in the US _____________________
(hint: place the decimal point after the last digit and move back until you reach 6.8 The number is large so the exponent is positive)
B) 78,000,000 working men in the US ___________________
C) Using google find out the population of the U.S. now ________
and convert to scientific notation_________
____________
D) using google find the distance Sun - EArth:
standard notation _______________ scientific notation _____________
E) 0.000005 g is the mass of an amoeba ________
what is an amoeba ____________
F) 0.000000002 g is the mass of a one liver cell _____________
G) 0.00024 is the probability of four of a kind in poker ________________
H) 0.0035 in the number of onces in a gram _____________
I) 0.00000009 is the wavelength of an X.ray in centimeter _______
J) count the number of students in the center right now ____________
in scientific notation __________
K) population of France now ______________ in standard notation
and in scientific notation _________________
L) mass of an electron ___________ mass of the EArth _____________
2) part2 Write in standard notation: (example 4.53 104 = 45300 and 3.2 10-6 = 0.0000032 )
A)2.35 102 pounds of meat consumed per person per year in the United states.
B) 8 x 106 bagels eaten per day in the United States
C) 4x10-2 inches in 1mm ________________
D) 4 x 10-11 joules of energy released by splitting one uranium atom
E) 1.68 1010 estimated worth of the wealthiest men
F) 2.3x10-1 kilowatts per hour used by your TV
G) 10-9 s the time for the light to travel 1 foot.
H) 100 m the length of your arm (about) ________
I) 5 100 s for the sound to travel 1 mile
3) When you multiply numbers in scientific notation with like base, add the exponents.
When you divide, subtract the exponent.
Examples:
3 104 x2 103 = 6 107 ; 3 104 / 2 103 = 1.5 101 ; 3104 /2 10 -2 = 1.5 106 ;3 10-4 / 2 10-5 = 1.5 101
(you may want to write these examples in your index cards)
Try now on your TI:
3E4 x 2 E3 = ________ 3E4/2E3 = _______3E4/2E-2 = ______ 3E-4/ 2E-5 = _____
4) The average American eats 160 pounds of vegetables each year. Since there are 290 million Americans, the number of pounds of vegetable each year should be: (in scientific notation)
(hint: 290 million = 290, 000 , 000 . compute then write in scientific notation )
5) The average American drinks 54.2 gallons of soft drinks each year. Since there are about 290 million Americans, the number of soft drinks consumed each year should be ___________ in scientific notation __________________in standard notation
6) Nuclear fission is used as an energy source. The amount of energy released by a mole of uranium 235 (mass = 235g) is 4.7 109 kilocalories.
So the amount of energy a gram of uranium 235 releases is __________________ in scientific notation.
7) The velocity of light can be measured by dividing the distance from the sun to the earth (1.47 1011 meters) by the time it takes for sunlight to reach the earth
(4.9 102 seconds). Thus the velocity of light is ____________ in scientific notation
and _________ ______________in standard notation . 4.9 102 seconds is _______ minutes
8) Astronomers also measure distances in light years (the distance light travels in 1 year). 1 light year = 9.46 1012km. The closest star, Proxima Centauri, is, 4.22 light years away. In the scientific notation, rounded to 2 decimal places,
how many kilometers is that ?
9) Astronomical distances are so large that they are measured in astronomical units (A.U.) for short. An astronomical unit is defined as the average separation (distance) of the earth and the sun, that is, 150,000,000 kilometers (so 1 A.U. = 150,000,000km). WRite 1 A.U. in scientific notation. _____________
Using google find the distance Sun - Pluto in kilometers _________
. convert to A. U ______________ in scientific notation (keep 2 decimals)
10) Use 9). Distances in astronomy are also measured in parsecs. 1 parsec = 2.06 105 A.U. Thus
1 parsec = _________________ kilometers (use (9)
11) 1 parsec = 3.09 1013 km and 1 light year = 9.46 1012km, the number of light years in a parsec is ________________ in scientific notation.
12) here is an extract of an article (BBC) written about the LHC (Large Hadron CollideR)
The Higgs boson is a hypothesized particle which, if it exists, would give the mechanism by which particles acquire mass.
Matter is made of molecules; molecules of atoms; atoms of a cloud of electrons about one-hundred-millionth of a centimeter and a nucleus about one-hundred-thousandth the size of the electron cloud. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. Each proton (or neutron) has about two thousand times the mass of an electron. We know a good deal about why the nucleus is so small. We do not know, however, how the particles get their masses. Why are the masses what they are? Why are the ratios of masses what they are? We can't be said to understand the constituents of matter if we don't have a satisfactory answer to this question.Convert the highlighted part in scientific notation
fill and use scientific notation : the mass of an electron is ____________ the mass of a proton (read the text)
What is the ratio (mass proton/mass electron )=
13) an atom is about 2.5 10-10 meters across.
1 micro meter is 10-6 meters. so an atom is about __________ micro meters (noted μm )
a thin hair is about 25 μm (micro meters) which is _________ meters : convert into scientific notation.
A red blood cell is about 8 (noted μm ) . How many atoms could you fit inside ?
(hint divide by th size of an atom in micrometers)
So an atom is small but not that small. You can " see them " using electromagnetic waves like X-rays. (kind of light)
(we also see think thanks to an electromagnetic waves called visible light !) matter can be probed
and illuminated thanks to X-rays that have a very small wavelengths.
14) One 1 GHz (giga hertz ) computer can make _____________ computations in 1 second.
(look for 1 giga in scientific notation)
so a computer produces 1 billion cycles in 1 second. or 1 cycle in __________ seconds. (in scientific notation).
16) if 2 numbers differ in size by exactly 3 orders of magnitude, this is a factor of : 103
If 2 numbers differ in size by exactly 6 orders of magnitude, this is a factor of : ________
18) it takes the light 1 billionth of a second to travel 1 foot. write that number in scientific notation.
1 computer cycle is also 1 billionth of a second long , during that time the computer
can do 1 computation and the information can travel 1 foot long. that's why computers
are 1 foot long. (source: Physics for future presidents, R. Muller)
19) the color red has a wavelength of 650 nanometer. 1 nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter.
write this number in scientific notation ________________
red light is part of the visible light. It is a wave. (an electromagnetic wave) that travels in space at the speed of light.
The speed of light is 300,000,000 m/s or _________ m/s in scientific notation.
To find the frequency ( number of shaking per second, or number of cycles per seconds)
of the red light simply divide the speed of the wave by its wavelength. so frequency = ________ cycles per second
(divide speed by wavelength, use scientific notation).
20) 1 light year = 9.4605284 × 1012 kilometers
It takes about 100,000 years for the light to travel from the center of the milky way (our galaxy) to us.
How much is that in km ? in scientific notation.
21) The speed of the light is 300,000 km/s
It takes about 8 minutes (480 seconds) for the light emitted by the Sun to reach us.
How far is the sun in km ? in scientific notation.
It takes the light 1.3 s to travel from the Moon to us. How far is the moon ? (km)
If the moon would to disappear instantly, how log int would take for us to find out.
22) A)a half million years after the " big bang " the universe started to cool off
and reaches a temperature of about the outside of the Sun. (5000 - 6000 F).
Convert the time in scientific notation
C) the universe is about 14 billion years old. In scientific notation =
D)The closest cluster of galaxies is Virgo, 60 million light years away.
How far is that in km and in scientific notation ? (see question 20)
D) the closest large galaxy from earth is Andromeda. 2.48 million light years away.
in scientific notation = __________________
E) The closest galaxies are The Magellanic Clouds. THey are irregular dwarf galaxies orbiting our Milky Way galaxy. .
The LMC is 179,000 light years away from the Milky Way. The SMC is further out, at 210,000 light years.
Convert into km.
23) 3.2 billion DNA base pairs = ____________ in scientific notation
PART 4 : International System (SI) and the Metric system
TRY WITHOUT HINTS
0) GO OVER:
| base quantity | base unit | symbol |
| length | meter | m |
| time | second | s |
| mass | kilogram | kg |
| temperature | kelvin | K |
1) Fill the blanks. (more challenging) The units in which physical quantities are measured are shown below:
A wide variety of other units, are combinations of the base units:
speed s is measured in m/s
Since the unit for speed is m/s it means : to find a speed
you divide the _________ in meters by the ________ in seconds. or V = d/t
The speed V is the distance covered (m) in 1 second.
So if V = 30m/s, it means you cover ______ m in 1 second or ______m in 1 hour.
acceleration a is measured in m/s2 or m/s/s
Since the unit for acceleration is m/s/s or (m/s)/s .
to find an acceleration your divide the change in speed _________ (m/s) by a change in _______ (s).
or a = _______ / ___
The acceleration a is the increase (or decrease) of speed in 1 second. So if a = 9.8m/s/s, it means the speed is increases by _____ m/s every second. And the speed is ________m/s after 2 seconds, and ________m/s after 3 seconds.
9.8 m/s/s is the acceleration due to gravity. It means that if you drop an object from the top of a building, let's say a stone,
it will speed up at a rate of 9.8m/s/s. (because of the attraction the Earth exert on objects).
It means every second, the speed of the stone will be increase by__________m/s
force (unit of pull) is measured in newtons (N) or kg . m/s2
Since the unit for a force is kg m/s2 or kg x (m/s2) it means: to find a force you multiply a
_______ (kg) by an ___________ (m/s2). Or F = _____ x _____ (use m for mass and a for acceleration)
So if a mass of 1 kg has an acceleration of 1 m/s/s (the speed increases by 1m/s every second)
it means that a force (pull) of ____ N is exerted on the mass. (use F = ma)
If a mass of 1kg has an acceleration of 10 m/s/s, the force is _____ N
Energy is measured in joules (J) or kg m2/s2 or kg (m/s2) m
don't worry about energy, we will study it in 10th grade.
Momentum is measured in kg m/s
momentum will be studied in 10th grade.
Area is measured in m2 and volume in m3
To find an area (m2 = m x m) you multiply a ____ (m) by the ________ (m)
To find a volume (m3 = m xm xm ) you multuply a ______ by the _____ by the _____.
watch : 1m = 100cm but 1m2 = 1m x 1m = 100cm x 100cm = _________cm2
also 1 m3 = 1m x 1m x 1m = 100cm x 100cm x100cm = ________cm3
density is measured in kg/m3or g/cm3
Since the unit is kg/m3 , to find the density you divide a ________(kg) by
a _______ (m3). Or density = ____ / _____. (use m for mass and V for volume)
So the density is the mass of an object per unit volume (1m3).
Pressure is measured in N / m2 (or newtons/ m2)
The unit tells you that to find the pressure you divide the ______ (N) by a ______ (m2).
or Pressure = ____/ _____ (use P for volume and A for area).
2)The weight of an object is measured in newtons so weight is a ___________.
It is the ________ acted at a distance by the EArth on this object.
the mass of the object is measured in __________
REmember that: to find the weight of an object on EArth, multiply its mass in kilograms by 9.8. So if m= 5 kg, weight = _______ N
If m = 100 kg, weight = ________N
if m = 0.01 kg, weight =
3) read: You need to be comfortable with the metric system and know how to convert km to m, kg to g etc... Always remember the table:
|
Prefix |
Mega- |
Kilo- |
Hecto- |
Deka- |
BASE UNIT- M
eter Gram Liter ... |
Deci- |
Centi- |
Milli- |
Micro- |
| Means |
10
|
1000 |
100 |
10 |
1 |
1/10 |
1/100 |
1/1000 |
1/10 |
|
Symbol* |
|
km
|
hm
|
dam
|
m
|
dm
|
cm
|
mm
|
µm** |
| Mg | Kg | hg | dah | g | dg | cg | mg | µg |
Remember the prefixes with the following acronym:
Miss Koala Has Dirty U nderwear; Don't C heck Mine, M onkeyor (King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk)
182cm = _____m ; 43cm = ____m ; 22m = ____cm ; 4.5 m = __________450cm
3m = ________mm ; 0.35m = _____mm ; 2358mm = ____m ; 425 mm = ____ cm
30cm = ______ mm ; 2.4cm = _____ mm ; 67mm = ____ 6.7 cm ; 184 mm = ______ cm
5) 5kg = ____g ; 5.6 kg = _______g ; 1932 g = ______kg ; 342 g = ______kg
4 g = _____mg ; 0.23 g = _______mg ; 3294 mg = ____g ; 493 mg = ______g
342g = ____kg ; 0.03 g = _______mg
6) use wikipedia or google:
The mass of the EArth is about ____________ kg (scientific notation) = ___________tons (scientific notation, 1 ton =1,000 kg)
The mass of an electron is about ___________ kg (scientific notation) = ____________ tons (scientific notation)
Find the ratio : mass EArth / mass electron (divide both quantities) = ___________
7) Dr. James Strange of the University of South Florida wishes to explore Mount Ararat in Turkey, searching for Noah's ark. According to the book of Genesis., the dimensions of the ark are as follows: length, 300 cubits, breadth, 50 cubits , height , 30 cubits. If a cubit is 52.5 cm, give each dimension in meters.
hint: 1 cubit = 52.5 cm
8) Find how many second in 1 year. Use standard notation. (not scientific notation).
hint: 1 year = 365 days, 1 day = 24 hours, 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds.
1 year = ________________s
The star nearest Earth is ____________ (google or see above, part 1), at a distance of about 4 light year from EArth.
1 light year is the distance traveled in 1 year by the __________.
The speed of light is 292,792 km/s that is the light covers _____________ km in 1 second.
1 year = _______________ seconds so in 1 year, the light convers ___________________ km .
Because 1 mile = 1.6km, the light covers ___________________ miles in 1 year. (1 light year in miles)
Alpha Centauri is at a distance of 4 light years = ________________ miles from Earth (4 times the blank before)
We can measure this kind of distance with a meter stick. We need to measure astronomical distances using indirect measurements.
Any idea ? (research)
9) Certain blue whales have a mass over 200 tons = _________ kg (standard notation) = __________ kg (scientific notation)
10) here a number to remember 1 m3 of water has a mass of 1000kg or 1 ton (about 1 empty car).
1 m3 of water is 1000 L , so 1 L is _________ kg
11) MAtch (pascal is th unit for pressure )
| 1 kg | - is about your speed when you are late to school. |
| 1 m | - duration of a heart beat (when rested) |
| 73 kg | - duration ofa a computer cycle (time of a signal to go back and forth, time for 1 computation) |
| 1 s | - height of the Mount Everest |
| 1 m/s/s | - a very small amount of energy - about energy you use when lifting an apple off the ground |
| 1 m/s | - about the mass of 1 box of powder sugar , mass of 1 litre of water. |
| 1 N | - about 1 yard - distance between one's hands with arms outstreched |
| 50 kg | - A small force - about the weight of an apple (weight is the force of gravity) |
| 10-9s |
- a very small amount of pressure -
the air in the atmosphere produces a pressure of 105 pa (10,000 kg per m2 or 10 cars/m2 ) |
| 9km | - average mass of a female student |
| 1 J | - mass of your Physics teacher that she tried desperately to melt |
| 1 Pa (pascals) |
- slow acceleration - means the speed
increase by 1/s every second. A falling stone, on earth, has an
acceleration of about 10m/s/s its speed increases by 1m/s every second. |
12) In a NASA website, you can read:
Observations of the infrared light from stars, painstakingly collected over the past two decades with powerful telescopes on the ground, have gathered definitive
evidence for the presence of a 3-million-solar-mass black hole at the core of the galaxy. The black hole has been "weighed" by measuring the motions
of stars caught in the black hole’s gravitational pull. In one stunning observation a star whipped past the black hole so fast that it could have traveled the
distance between Earth and Pluto in less than a day
How much is, in kg, 3-million-solar mass ? (google the mass of the Sun). In Scientific notation
13) The Moon is at a distance of 384,000 km from the EArth. The Moon is a secondary source of light.
It is bright because it reflects the Sun's light. A) How long it takes for the light to reach us ?
(to cover 384,000 km ) ? (hint: speed of light = 3 108m/s) time = ________ seconds
So How long it took the astronauts to hear the message from EArth ?
B) The Sun is 390 times more distant than the Moon. Estimate the light travel time from the SUn.
(how long it takes the light from the Sun to reach us). time = _________- seconds = ________ minutes
(hint 390 times more longer)
14) 1 comet is about trillionth of the mass of the EArth or ____________ kg (look for the mass of EArth in kg)
convert to tons _________ tons
PART5: MORE CONVERSIONS -
2) Steve O'Neal of the New York Jets kicked a 98 yd punt on September 21, 1969. How many meters is that ? Keep one decimal.
(1 yd = 0.914 m )
3) In a miss world contest the winner had measurements of 90-60-90 (in centimeters). What is that in inches ?
(1 in = 2.54cm)
4) The speed limit on a highway is 55 mi/hr. How many kilometers per hour is that ? (1 mi = 1.6km)
5) Mount everest is 8848m high. How many yards is that ? (simple)
6) The largest swimming pool in Casablanca, Morocco, is 82 yd wide. How many meters is that ? ( 1 yd = 0.914 m)
7) A Boeing 747 requires about 1900m for a takeoff runway. About how many miles is that ? (1600m = 1 mi)
8) One of the longest recorded distances for throwing (an catching) a raw hen's egg without breaking it is 316ft 51 in.
About how many meters is that ? ( 1 ft = 12 in , 1 in = 2.54cm, 1cm = 0.01m)
9) You have probably heard the expression, "hang in there!"Well, Rudy Kishazy did just that. He hung onto a glider that took off Mount Blanc and landed 35 min later at Servox , France, a distance of 15mi. How many kilometers is that ?
10)Cuban José Castelar CAiro was officially recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records for the longest-ever hand-rolled Havana cigar: about 13.5 meters long. How many inches is that ? (1in = 2.54cm and 1 m = 100cm)
11) High schooler Ha Seung-jin of Korea is 7.15 ft tall. How many meters is that ? Keep 3 decimals. (1 ft = 12 in, 1 in = 2.54cm, 100cm = 1m)
12) In Europe temperatures are measured in Celsius. In United States , temperatures are measured in Fahrenheit.
C = 5(F - 32) / 9 and F = 9C/5 + 32
A) On July 10, 1913, the temperature in Death Valley was 134F. How many degrees Celsius is that ?
(hint: in the first formula, substitute F = 134 and solve for C)
B) The highest dry-air temperature endured by heavily clothed men in an Air Force experiment was 500F. How many degrees Celsius is that ?
C) In September 1933, the temperature in Coimbra, Portugal, rose to 70C. How many degrees Fahrenheit is that ?
(hint in the second formula set C = 70 solve for F)
D) The melting point of gold is 1000C. How many degrees Fahrenheit is that ?
13) Hurricane Gustave was 30 miles across . Convert in km.
New Orleans is 300 miles across. convert in km
Was there a chance Gustave hit New Or leans ?
14)
A)
Lightning heats nearby air to about 10,000 °C nearly instantly, which is almost twice the temperature of the Sun’s surface.
How much is it in Fahrenheit. ?
B) Most lightning bolts are about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) long. The longest recorded length was 190 kilometers, sighted near Dallas, Texas.
how much is that in miles?
15) 1 Angstrom is 10-10 meters. Convert to micrometers. (1 micrometer = 10-6m)
16) A large instrument used by astronauts weighs 2.50 pounds on Earth. What is the weight of the instrument on the moon ?
(hint: On the surface of the moon, the object would have only one sixth the weight it has on Earth).
17) there are about 4000 radioactive decays in your body per minute. (source: Physics for Future presidents, RIchard Muller)
This is because of radioactive carbon and potassium. How much is that in 1 second?
18) A new group of hominide was just found. The are called Ardipithecus ramidus
and are 4.4 million years old.
A) How much is that in scientific notation?
B) the best conserved skeleton belonged to a female (see below).
She was 1.20 m tall and 50kg heavy. convert to feet and pounds.
(you should know now that 1 m is about 3 feet or 1 yard and 1 kg is about 2pounds)
learn more Sciences daily
clik image
Probable life appearance in anterior view of Ardipithecus ramidus ("Ardi"), ARA-VP 6/500.
(Credit: Illustration copyright 2009, J.H. Matternes
19) The record length for a blue whale is a female killed in Antarctica that was 106 feet in length. How many meters is that ?
20) The record weight for a blue whale is about 200 tons. How many kilograms is that ?
(hint: 1 ton = 1000kg, 1 kg = 2.2lb)
21) 2008-04-30. A WOMAN set a record recently by delivering a baby weighing 6.1 kilograms at birth at a Shenzhen hospital (China).
How many pounds is that ?
22) A large package of chocolate from Switzerland (the best) contains 1.8 kilograms. (unit used in Europe).
What is the weight of chocolate in pounds (lb) ?
23) The EArth crust (actually lithosphere) is divided into tectonic plates.
2 plate can diverge from each other and you get a rift (a long crack in the Earth crust).
In the middle of the oceanic ocean there is an oceanic rift/ (iceland is a volcanic island formed on the rift)
magma rises and fill the rift and build up new oceanic crust. (new skin for the EArth).
Sometimes rifts are found in the middle of land. THis is the case of the Ethopian rift valley.
In 2005, a big crack formed very quickly in the desert of Ethiopia.
Scientists think it will be filled by an ocean later in the future.
The crack is 35 miles long. convert to km
the crack is 20 feet wide at spot. convert to cm
24) 100 trillion cells in our body. in scientific notation =
25)
Also here is a easy formula that connects the radius of the event horizon of a black hole to the mass of a black hole.
If the distance from black hole is less than R, nothing can escape, not even light.
R = 2 G M / c2 c is the speed of light , R the radius of the event, G is the gravitational constant = 6.67300 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
The Sun has a mass of about 2 1030 kg
For the Sun to be a black hole, it needs to be squeezed to what size ?
Is it about 10 miles radius ? 2 miles radius ? 1000 miles radius ? (2miles= distance across Manhattan about )
The radius of the Sun is 695 500 kilometers The scale down factor is _________.